Trocas e reconfigurações religiosas no Baixo Congo: poder e morte entre chineses e bacongos
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.9789/2525-3050.2016.v1i2.339-355Mots-clés :
Baixo Congo, Reconfigurações religiosas, Reavivamento de mortos, Tráfico de órgãos, Relações sino-africanas.Résumé
Este artigo apresenta reflexões acerca dos recentes contatos religiosos entre chineses no Baixo Congo e membros de uma modalidade de sociedade secreta entre os Maniangas. O texto está pautado em uma etnografia que inclui relatos e histórias orais, inclusive dos Bacongos imigrantes em Lisboa, Portugal. Como num caderno de campo, teço considerações a respeito dos relatos sobre reavivamento de mortos, tráfico de órgãos e uma possível reconfiguração religiosa a partir destes encontros, em um diálogo constante com a literatura pertinente. O texto aporta uma nova forma de vislumbrar as relações sino-africanas, para além da perspectiva estritamente econômica.Téléchargements
Références
AICARDI DE SAINT PAUL, Marc. La Chine et l'Afrique, entre engagement et interêt. Géopolitique Africaine, Paris, [s. p.], 2004.
AJAKAYIE, Olu. China and Africa: Opportunities and Challenges. African union task force on strategic partnership between Africa and the emerging countries of the south. Nairobi: African Economic Research Consortium (Aerc), 2006. p. 1-14.
ALDEN, Chris. Red Star, Black Gold. Review of African Political Economy, London, v. 32, n. 104/105, p. 415-419, jun/set. 2005.
ALDEN, Chris; ROTHMAN, Andy. China and Africa: Special Report: Terms of Endearment from Marxism to Material. Shangai: CLSA Asia-Pacific Markets, 2006. p. 1-27.
ALDEN, Chris; DAVIES, Martyn. Chinese Multinational Corporations in Africa. China-Africa Links Workshop. Hong Kong: Center on China's Transnational Relations, 2006. p. 1-11. Disponível em: http://www.cctr.ust.hk/materials/conference/china-africa/papers/Chris_Alden_Chinese_Multinational_Corporations.pdf. Acesso em: 20 nov. 2016.
AMSELLE, Jean-Loup. Branchements. Anthropologie de la universalité. Paris: Flammarion, 2001. 265 p.
APPADURAI, Arjun. The social life of things. Commodities in cultural perspective. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1986. 339 p.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511819582
APPADURAI, Arjun. The Globalization of Archaeology and Heritage: A discussion with Arjun Appadurai. .Journal of Social Archaeology, n. 1, p. 35-49, jun. 2001.
https://doi.org/10.1177/146960530100100103
BALANDIER, Georges. Sociologie actuelle de l'Afrique Noire. Changements sociaux au Gabon et au Congo. Archives de Sociologie des Religions, Paris, n. 1, p. 191-192, 1956.
BHABHA, Homi. The location of culture. London: Routledge. 2004 [1994]. 440 p.
BOCKIE, Simon. Death and the invisible powers: The World of Kongo belief. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. 176 p.
BOYER, Véronique. Le don et l'initiation: De l'impact de la littérature sur les cultes de possession au Brésil. L'Homme - Revue française d'anthropologie, Paris, v. 36, n. 138, p. 7-24, 1996.
https://doi.org/10.3406/hom.1996.370072
BRASIO, António, Pe. Monumenta missionaria africana. África ocidental. Lisboa: Agencia Geral do Ultramar, 1952-1954.
BRÄUTIGAM, Deborah. Chinese Aid and African Development: Exporting Green Revolution. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. 268 p.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230374300
BUKUASA, Tulu Kia Mpansu. L'impensé du discours. Kindoki et nkisi en pays kongo du Zaïre, Kinshasa: Presses Universitaires du Zaïre, 1973. 321 p.
CANNELL, Fenella. The Christianity of Anthropology. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Online, v. 11, n. 2, p. 335-356, 2005.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2005.00239.x
CARAYANNIS Tatiana et al. Practice without evidence: interrogating conflict resolution approaches and assumptions. London: JSRP, 2014. 44 p. (Justice and Security Research Programme, 11). Disponível em: http://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalDevelopment/research/JSRP/downloads/JSRP11.CarayannisEtAl.pdf. Acesso em: 29 nov. 2016.
CARRITHERS, Michael et al. Is Anthropology art or science? Current Anthropology, Chicago, v. 31, n. 3, p. 263-82, 1990.
https://doi.org/10.1086/203840
CHANG, Sen-Dou. The distribution and occupations of overseas Chinese. Geographical Review, New York, v. 58, n. 1, p. 89-107, 1968.
https://doi.org/10.2307/212833
COMMAROFF. John; COMMAROFF, Jean. Ethnography and the Historical Imagination. Westview Press, 1992. 352 p.
CSORDAS, Thomas. Language, Charisma, and Creativity: The Ritual Life of a Religious Movement. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. 320 p.
CUNHA Ana Stela; NDUNGI, José Maria Masanga. Mizulas, chineses e mortos: reconfigurações religiosas no Baixo Congo. Revista eletrônica BUALA, Online, fev. 2013. Disponível em: http://www.buala.org/pt/a-ler/mizulas-chineses-e-mortos-reconfiguracoes-religiosas-no-baixo-congo. Acessado em: 23 dez. 2016.
DELEUZE, Guilles; GUATARI, Felix. Mil Platôs: capitalismo e esquizofrenia. Rio de Janeiro: Editora 34, 1996. 715 p.
DE BOECK, Filip. Post colinialism: Power and Identity. Local and Global Prespectives from Zaire. In: WERBENER, Richard; RANGER, Terrence (ed.). Post colonial Identities in Africa. London: Zed Books Ltd, 1996. p. 96-106.
EWING, Katherine. The dream of spiritual initiation and the organization of self-representations among Pakistani Sufis. The American Ethnologist Journal, Belfast, v. 17, n. 1, p. 56-74, fev. 1990.
https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1990.17.1.02a00040
FANON, Franz. Toward the African Revolution. Political Essays. New York: Ed. Groove Press, 1967. 197 p.
FELNER, Albuquerque. Angola: apontamentos sobre a ocupação e início do estabelecimento dos portugueses no Congo, Angola e Benguela extraídos de documentos históricos. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 1993. 593 p.
GOLDMAN, Marcio. Introdução: Políticas e subjetividades nos novos movimentos culturais. ILHA, Revista de Antropologia. Florianópolis, v. 9, n. 1-2, p. 8- 22, 2009.
HEWITT, Julia C. Voices out of Africa in Twentieth-century Spanish Caribbean Literature. [S. l.]: Bucknell University Press, 2009. 402 p.
JADIN, Louis. Le Congo et la secte des Antoniens: Restauration du Royaume sous Pedro IV et la "Saint Antoine" congolaise: 1694-1718. Bulletin de L'Institut Historique Belge de Rome, Rome, v. 33, p. 411-615, 1965.
JANZEN, John M. The Quest for Therapy in Lower Zaire. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1978. 266 p.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3031824
MAKOUTA-MBOUKOU, Jean-Pierre. Les exilés de la forêt vierge, ou le grand complot. Paris: Ed. Harmattan, 1981. 206 p.
MA MUNG, Emmanuel. Chinese Migration and China's Foreign Policy in Africa. Journal of Chinese Overseas, Singapore, v. 4, n. 1, p. 91-109, may 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1163/179325408788691471
MAHANIAH, Kipianga. La mort dans la pensée Kongo. Kinshasa, Zaire: Centre de vulgarisation agricole, 1980. 57 p.
MFUKA, Simon. The concept of the death and its impact among Kongo-Manianga people of Lower Zaire. Dissertation (PhD in Africa), Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, 1981. 187 p.
MULEMFO, Mukanda M. Traditional and the Christian concepts of disease and healing among the Manianga. HTS Theological Studies, Cape Town, v. 51, n. 2, p. 338-357, 1995.
https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v51i2.1388
OLIVEIRA, Roberto Cardoso de. O movimento dos conceitos na Antropologia. Revista de Antropologia, São Paulo, v. 36, p. 13-31, 1993.
ROBBINS, Joel. Becomming Sinners: Christianity and moral torment in a Papua New Guinea society. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. 410 p.
SAAVEDRA, Martha; STRAUS, Julia (ed.). China and Africa: Emerging Patterns in Globalization and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 251 p. v. 9.
SARRÓ, Ramón. The Politics of Religious Change on the Upper Guinea Coast: Iconoclasm Done and Undone. Edinburgo: Edinburgh University Press, 2008. 238 p.
https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748635153.001.0001
SAUTMAN, Barry. Trade, Investment, Power and the China in Africa Discourse. The Asia Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, Online, v. 7, issue 52, n. 3, p. 9-29, 2006.
SENGHOR, Léopold. Poemas. Lisboa: Ed. Arcádia, 1977. 260 p.
SILVA, Orlando Sampaio; LUZ, Lídia; HELM, Cecília Maria Viera (org.). A perícia antropológica em processos judiciais. Florianópolis: Editora da UFSC, 1994. 146 p.
THORNTON, John K. Early Kongo-Portuguese Relations: A New Interpretation. History in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. v. 8, p. 183-204.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3171515
THORNTON, John. Africa and Africans in the making of the Atlantic World: 1400 - 1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 340 p.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511800276
THORNTON, John. Warfare in Atlantic Africa. London: University College London Press, 2002. 194 p.
THORNTON, John. Cannibals, witches, and slave traders in the Atlantic world. William and Mary Quarterly, Williamsburg, v. 60, n. 2, p. 273-94, abr. 2003.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3491764
THORNTON, John. Afro-Christian Syncretism in the Kingdom of Kongo. The Journal of African History, Cambridge, v. 54, n. 1, p. 53-77, mar. 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853713000224
THORNTON, John. The Kingdom of Kongo and Palo Mayombe: Reflections on an African-American Religion. Slavery and Abolition, Online, v. 37, n. 1, p. 1-22, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0144039X.2015.1103524
VAN DIJK, Teun A. Elite discourse and racism. Thousands OAKS, CA: Sage, 2000. 320 p.
VANSINA, Jan. How Societies Are Born: Governance in West Central Africa Before 1600. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2004. 320 p.
VILAÇA, Aparecida. Conversão, predação e perspectiva. Mana Estudos de Antropologia Social, Rio de Janeiro, v. 14, n. 1, p. 173-204, abr. 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-93132008000100007
VITEBSKY, Peter. From Cosmology to Environmetalism: Shaman as local knowlodge in a global setting. In: FARDON, Richard (ed.). Counterworks mananging the diversity of knowlodge. London: Routledge, 1995. p. 182-203.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203450994_chapter_9
XIANG, Biao; PIEKE, Frank. Legality and Labour: Chinese Migration, Neoliberalism and the State in the UK and China. British Inter-University China Centre. Oxford: University of Oxford, 2007. 36 p. (Working Papers Series, nº 5).
YOUNG, Davi; GAULET, Jean-Guy. Being changed by cross-cultural encounters: the anthropology of extraordinary experience. University of Toronto Press, 1994. 384 p.
https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442602366
ZAMENGA, Batukezanga. Milles kilometres a pied. Kinshasa, Éditions Saint Paul, 1985. 102 p.
Téléchargements
Publiée
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
Licença Creative Commons CC BY 4.0